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Weakness refers to loss of muscle strength. That is, people cannot move a muscle normally despite trying as hard as they can. However, the term is often misused. Many people with normal muscle strength say they feel weak when the problem is fatigue or when their movement is limited because of pain or joint stiffness. Muscle weakness can be a symptom of nervous system malfunction.
For a person to intentionally move a muscle (called a voluntary muscle contraction), the brain must generate a signal that travels a pathway from
The brain
Through nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord
Through nerves from the spinal cord to the muscles (called peripheral nerves)
Across the connection between nerve and muscle (called a neuromuscular junction)
Using the Brain to Move a Muscle
Moving a muscle usually involves communication between the muscle and the brain through nerves. The impetus to move a muscle may originate with the senses. For example, special nerve endings in the skin (sensory receptors) enable people to determine what something feels like, as when they feel the texture of fabric or reach in their pocket to find a nickel in an assortment of coins. This information is sent to the brain, and the brain may send a message to the muscle about how to respond. This type of exchange involves two complex nerve pathways:
The sensory nerve pathway to the brain
The motor nerve pathway to the muscle
When sensory receptors in the skin detect a texture or shape, they transmit an impulse (signal), which ultimately reaches the brain.
The impulse travels along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord.
The impulse crosses a synapse (the junction between two nerve cells) between the sensory nerve and a nerve cell in the spinal cord.
The impulse crosses from the nerve cell in the spinal cord to the opposite side of the spinal cord.
The impulse is sent up the spinal cord and through the brain stem to the thalamus, which is a processing center for sensory information located deep in the brain.
The impulse crosses a synapse in the thalamus to nerve fibers that carry the impulse to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum (the area that receives and interprets information from sensory receptors).
The sensory cortex perceives the impulse. A person may then decide to initiate movement, which triggers the motor cortex (the area that plans, controls, and executes voluntary movements) to generate an impulse.
The nerve carrying the impulse crosses to the opposite side at the base of the brain.
The impulse is sent down the spinal cord.
The impulse crosses a synapse between the nerve fibers in the spinal cord and a motor nerve, which is located in the spinal cord.
The impulse travels out of the spinal cord along the length of the motor nerve.
At the neuromuscular junction (where nerves connect to muscles)
